What is ADHD?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder characterized by above-normal levels of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. People with ADHD often struggle with maintaining focus on a single task and may find it hard to sit still for extended periods.
ADHD can affect both adults and children.
ADHD Symptoms
ADHD is associated with a wide range of behaviors, including:
- Difficulty focusing or concentrating on tasks
- Forgetfulness in completing tasks
- Easily distracted
- Difficulty sitting still
- Interrupting others while they are talking
The symptoms one experiences depend on the type of ADHD they have.
Types of ADHD
To standardize ADHD diagnoses, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has categorized the condition into three types: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.
- Predominantly Inattentive: Individuals with this type of ADHD struggle significantly with focus, task completion, and following instructions. This type is more common in girls with ADHD.
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: This type is characterized mainly by hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, such as restlessness, interrupting conversations, and difficulty waiting their turn. These individuals might still have trouble focusing on tasks.
- Combined Hyperactive-Impulsive and Inattentive: The most common type, where individuals exhibit both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms.
ADHD and ADD
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is an outdated term once used to describe individuals who have trouble paying attention but are not hyperactive. The term “ADHD” is now the official name for the condition, encompassing all types.
ADHD in Adults
More than 60% of children with ADHD continue to show symptoms as adults. Adult ADHD symptoms include difficulty managing time, forgetfulness, and impatience, which can negatively impact various aspects of life, including work and relationships.
ADHD in Children
About 1 in 10 children aged 5 to 17 are diagnosed with ADHD, making it one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in the U.S. Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed with ADHD. Symptoms in children often include problems with school performance and behavior issues in the classroom.
Causes of ADHD
The exact cause of ADHD remains unclear, but it is believed to have a neurological origin. Genetic factors and environmental influences, such as smoking during pregnancy, may also play a role. Research suggests that a reduction in dopamine and structural differences in the brain may be involved.
ADHD Testing and Diagnosis
There is no single test for ADHD. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms over the past six months, collecting information from teachers or family members, and conducting physical exams to rule out other conditions. A new test for diagnosing ADHD in adults shows promise, but most diagnoses rely on a comprehensive assessment by a healthcare provider.
Signs of ADHD in Children
Common signs include:
- Self-focused behavior
- Interrupting others
- Trouble waiting their turn
- Emotional turmoil
- Fidgeting
- Trouble playing quietly
- Incomplete tasks
- Lack of focus
- Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained effort
- Making careless mistakes
- Daydreaming
- Organizational difficulties
- Forgetfulness
- Symptoms in multiple settings
ADHD Treatment
Treatment typically involves behavioral therapies, medication, or a combination. Behavioral therapies, such as psychotherapy and behavior therapy, can help manage symptoms. Medications, including stimulants and non-stimulants, can also be effective in controlling impulses and actions.
ADHD Medications
Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine-based drugs (Adderall) are commonly prescribed. Non-stimulants may be used if stimulants are ineffective or cause adverse effects.
Natural Remedies and Self-Care
In addition to medication, lifestyle changes can help manage ADHD symptoms. The CDC recommends a healthy diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and limited screen time. Yoga, outdoor activities, and mindfulness meditation can also be beneficial.
Is ADHD a Disability?
While ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, it is not classified as a learning disability. However, ADHD can impact learning and daily functioning. Accommodations, such as extra time for assignments and tests, can help mitigate these effects.
Tips for Managing ADHD
Establishing a consistent schedule, using lists, maintaining a calendar, and setting reminders can help both children and adults manage ADHD symptoms. Education about the disorder is also crucial for effective management.
Conclusion
ADHD can have significant effects on school, work, and relationships if left untreated. However, with proper treatment and strategies, many individuals with ADHD lead fulfilling and successful lives. If you suspect ADHD in yourself or your child, seeking a professional evaluation is essential.