Getting to Know Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Care
Understanding Fever
Fever serves as a warning sign that something is amiss within the body. When the body reacts to a trigger, it raises its temperature, with a reading exceeding 38 degrees Celsius being considered as fever. In most cases, fever is a response to ongoing infections, and children are more prone to high fevers than adults. If the fever persists beyond a few days, seeking medical attention is advised.
Causes of Fever
The body temperature is regulated by the brain, specifically the hypothalamus, which controls various vital functions. Normal body temperature ranges between 36 to 37.8 degrees Celsius, varying from person to person. While temperature elevation can occur due to exercise, saunas, or hot climates, true fever occurs without these natural explanations.
The primary cause of fever is ongoing infections such as colds, ear infections, or viral infections. Other causes can include food poisoning or bacterial infections. Immune responses trigger the release of signaling molecules called cytokines during infections, prompting the body’s defense mechanisms and leading to elevated body temperature.
Common Infections Leading to High Fever
Infections that often result in high fever include:
- Respiratory infections like influenza or COVID-19.
- Childhood illnesses such as chickenpox or measles.
- Central nervous system infections like TBE, encephalitis, and meningitis.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease.
- Severe acute infections like sepsis.
Fever rarely occurs as the sole symptom, usually accompanied by other indications of the underlying cause. Prolonged fever without apparent symptoms requires investigation, as it might signify a significant underlying condition requiring treatment.
Recognizing Fever Symptoms
Common fever symptoms encompass:
- Fatigue and lethargy.
- Dizziness.
- Skin feeling hot.
- Glossy eyes.
- Intermittent chills and sweats.
- Elevated heart rate and rapid breathing, particularly in children.
High fever is characterized by a temperature above 39 degrees Celsius, often leading to discomfort and a sense of being overwhelmed. During high fever, freezing and cold extremities are common, whereas a drop in fever leads to warmth and sweating. Children generally experience higher fever levels than adults, though high fever doesn’t always indicate severe illness. Monitoring overall well-being is key.
Contagious Nature of Fever
Fever itself is not contagious, but infections causing fever can be.
Self-Care Measures for Fever
Both children and adults with fever should rest at home to recover and prevent the spread of illness. Here are self-care tips for managing fever:
- Use a reliable thermometer to monitor temperature, preferably measuring in the ear or rectum.
- Stay hydrated by drinking more fluids than usual.
- Rest and avoid strenuous activity.
- Maintain a cool room and ensure proper ventilation.
- Applying a damp towel to the forehead and wrists can offer comfort.
Fever Treatment
While fever can strain elderly or fragile individuals, it’s generally acceptable for healthy individuals to let it run its course. Over-the-counter medications can help alleviate discomfort. For children, appropriate medicines designed for their age are used.
Occasionally, treating the underlying infection might be necessary.
When to Seek Medical Care
Most fever cases don’t require medical attention. However, consult a healthcare professional if:
- High fever persists for four days without apparent cause.
- Fever recurs after a fever-free period.
- Fever is accompanied by difficulty urinating or stomach pain.
- Post-operative fever occurs.
Emergency care is necessary if:
- Fever is combined with neck stiffness and sudden headache.
- Severe fever leads to consciousness issues.
- Breathing difficulties accompany fever.
- Shortness of breath, weakness, and chest pain are felt.