Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C

Introduction: Hepatitis C is a viral infection known for its capacity to cause inflammation in the liver. Left untreated, it can result in severe liver damage. The virus responsible for hepatitis C is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood. Fortunately, effective treatments exist, with the potential for curing most individuals affected by hepatitis C. Globally, approximately 170 million people are estimated to be infected with hepatitis C.

Causes of Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is attributed to an infection that predominantly targets the liver, brought about by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Notably, there are multiple variations of the virus, known as genotypes. Researchers have identified seven distinct genotypes and over 67 subtypes of HCV. Some genotypes are more amenable to treatment than others, underscoring the importance of determining the genotype prior to initiating treatment. Genotype 2 HCV is the most responsive to treatment, while genotype 3 poses the greatest treatment challenge.

Transmission of Hepatitis C: The virus is primarily transmitted through blood contact, with various means of transmission, including:

  1. Sharing of syringes and drug injection equipment: This constitutes one of the most common routes of infection, particularly in Sweden. Remarkably, the virus can remain viable for up to two months in contaminated syringes.
  2. Sexual contact: Transmission can occur during sexual intercourse, especially in cases involving anal intercourse or if mucous membranes are compromised.
  3. Accidental needlestick injuries: Healthcare professionals are at risk if they inadvertently puncture themselves with used needles.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C manifests in both an acute and chronic phase. Initially, during the acute phase, most individuals experience mild or unnoticed symptoms, often mistaking them for other ailments. Acute infection generally occurs one to three months after exposure and may produce symptoms such as:

  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Yellowing of the eyes (jaundice), with a slight yellowish skin tone in fair-skinned individuals
  • Fever
  • Body aches

Approximately one-quarter of those infected recover fully following the acute phase. However, for the majority, the virus persists, leading to chronic hepatitis C. Chronic infection may trigger symptoms such as:

  • Increased susceptibility to bleeding and bruising
  • Persistent fatigue
  • Reduced appetite
  • Yellowing of the eyes and, in light-skinned individuals, the skin
  • Darkened urine
  • Itchy skin
  • Swelling in the legs
  • Unexplained weight loss

Chronic hepatitis C can progress to cirrhosis, elevating the risk of liver cancer. It is one of the primary causes of liver transplantation in Sweden.

Self-care for Hepatitis C: For individuals diagnosed with hepatitis C, several self-care measures are essential:

  • Avoid alcohol and certain medications: Alcohol can exacerbate liver damage, necessitating careful consumption. Additionally, some medications are metabolized in the liver, requiring consultation with a healthcare provider before use, even for over-the-counter drugs.
  • Vaccination against hepatitis A and B: Those with hepatitis C are advised to get vaccinated against other hepatitis strains to safeguard liver health.
  • Adherence to Infection Control Act: Hepatitis C is a notifiable disease, and compliance with specific regulations is imperative to protect others from infection. Disclosure of one’s condition is mandatory when seeking medical or dental care, following contact with one’s blood, or engaging in sexual intercourse. Proper disposal of materials contaminated with blood is also vital.

Today, hepatitis C can be effectively treated, enabling individuals to lead normal lives without the need for special precautions once they achieve virus-free status.

Treatment of Hepatitis C: Although a vaccine for hepatitis C does not yet exist, there are curative treatments for chronic hepatitis C. These treatments typically span eight to twelve weeks, contingent upon the virus genotype and the extent of liver damage. Current therapies involve oral medications.

Prior to treatment initiation, comprehensive testing is necessary to determine the virus genotype and assess liver damage or scarring. Treatment plans are tailored based on these diagnostic findings.

When to Seek Medical Care: Individuals should seek medical attention at a healthcare center or infection clinic if they are at risk of hepatitis C infection. Testing is recommended if any of the following criteria are met:

  • Injection drug use and sharing of equipment, such as syringes or needles.
  • Previous blood transfusion before 1992 or receipt of a blood transfusion in a country with less stringent donor screening.
  • Sexual contact with a hepatitis C-positive individual.
  • Birth in a region where hepatitis C is prevalent.

Prevention and Outlook:

Preventing Hepatitis C: Preventing hepatitis C primarily involves minimizing exposure to the virus. Key prevention measures include:

  • Safe Injection Practices: For individuals who inject drugs, never share needles, syringes, or any drug paraphernalia.
  • Safe Sexual Practices: Practice safe sex by using condoms consistently and correctly, especially if you or your partner has hepatitis C or multiple sexual partners.
  • Hepatitis C Testing: Regular testing for hepatitis C is advisable, particularly for individuals at higher risk, as early detection can lead to prompt treatment.
  • Needlestick Safety: Healthcare workers and first responders should strictly adhere to safety protocols to prevent needlestick injuries.
  • Screening of Blood and Organ Donations: Rigorous screening of blood and organ donations has significantly reduced the risk of transmission through these routes.

Outlook: The outlook for individuals with hepatitis C has improved dramatically in recent years, thanks to advancements in treatment options. With early diagnosis and appropriate medical care, the vast majority of people with hepatitis C can achieve a cure, leading to a normal life expectancy and a significantly reduced risk of liver complications.

It is essential to stay informed about hepatitis C, practice preventive measures, and seek timely medical attention if you believe you are at risk. Early detection and treatment can make a substantial difference in managing and potentially curing this infection.

Conclusion: Hepatitis C is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver and can lead to severe liver damage if left untreated. It is crucial to understand the causes, modes of transmission, symptoms, and available treatments for hepatitis C. With the advent of effective therapies, individuals diagnosed with hepatitis C now have a high chance of achieving a cure and leading healthy lives. Prevention remains key, emphasizing safe practices to reduce the risk of infection and protect the liver’s long-term health.